Conductors For General Wiring

This article contains of general requirement for conductors and their type designations, insulations, markings, mechanical strengths, ampacity ratings, and uses. These requirement do not apply to conductors that form an integral part of equipment, such as motors, motor conductors, and similar equipment, or to conductors specifically provided for elsewhere in this code. The conductor should be isolated. The conductor type should be made from materials of aluminum, copper-clad aluminum, or copper unless otherwise specified. Standard conductors where insulated in raceways, conductors of size No. 8 and larger shall be stranded.

Conductor in Parallel.
Aluminum, copper-clad aluminum, or copper conductors of size No.1/0 and larger, comprising each phase, neutral or grounded circuit conductor, shall be permitted to be connected in parallel (electrically joined at both end to form a single conductor).

The parallel conductor in each phase, neutral or grounded circuit conductor must:

• be the same length
• have the same conductor material
• be the same size in circular mil area
• have the same insulation type
• be terminated in the same manner

Where run in separate raceways or cables, the raceways or cables should have the same physical characteristics.

The minimum size of conductors should be follow of the table below:
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Voltage Rating of conductors          Minimum Conductor Size
(Volt)                                              (AWG)
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0 through 2000                              14 Copper
                                                     12 Aluminum or Copper Clad Aluminum
2001 through 5000                         8
5001 through 8000                         6
8001 through 15000                       2
15001 through 28000                     1
28001 through 35000                    1/0
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Other electronic knowledge:

• Electrical insulator
• Capasitor
• Temporary Wiring

Facebook Phone Cell Made By INQ

Handset producer that work together with facebook and take the change to design phone cell to facilitate that social network. The producers is not from HTC Taiwan but INQ, the phone cell manufacture that located in London has announce the smart phone design to maximize of Facebook Function.

Each phone cell with the name INQ Cloud Touch and INQ Cloud Q. The two model are similar just different in touch screen on INQ Cloud Q model and use keyboard QWERTY.

Both of phone cell use operation system of Android 2.2 or Froyo, that already customized by INQ visual media feed in facebook style so not very clear that use of Android. Both phone cell are the first phone cell use of facebook interface basis, so all of facebook function are available.

The button available here are facebook chat, friends, messages, wall and notification. Facebook place and facebook events that integrate with google calendar. There are many widget that can view of many friends status, agenda, photo and the easily to share text and file and multimedia file.

Music player that use on this phone cell are spotify that provide of unlimited streaming song. But on the country that is not providing with this service will auto direct to standard application.

INQ Cloud Touch use touch screen with 3.5 in wide with 320 x 480 pixel resolution, use internal memory just about 4 MB, but supported by external memory for 4 GB pixel, while INQ Cloud Q is use 2.6 in screen wide.

Refrigerator System

On of the electrical equipment that often use in many home is refrigerator. Housewife always want this equipment available in their house, because many food should be keep in cold temperature in order can be eaten in the next day. If she just can prepare food for today, this will not efficient because many food will spoil after one day lets in room condition.

On the refrigerator always there are four component like on the above picture. The refrigeration cycle alternately evaporates (B) and condenses (A) a refrigerant such as Freon-12. Liquid refrigerant stored at high pressure in the receiver is released through an expansion valve (2) into the evaporator coils (3) inside the refrigerator. With the pressure reduced, the refrigerant evaporates and absorbs heat from the interior. A compressor (4) circulates the vaporized refrigerant to the exterior condenser coils (1), where it is condensed by pressure. Heat from inside the refrigerator is lost to the environment there. The cooled liquid then return to the receiver.

Refrigeration is the cooling of a space or its content to a lower value than of the surrounding space or of the ambient atmosphere. Until the advent of modern technology, natural ice was the only mens of refrigeration. Ice act as an efficient refrigerant because the temperature of melting ice remain at 0^oC until it is entirely melted. It absorb heat from warmer surroundings, thereby cooling them while not itself becoming warmer until completely melted. Since the time of the Greeks and Romans, snow and ice were harvested in winter and stored in insulated pits for later use. Ice was a valuable cargo for 19th century clipper ships, but it was difficult and expensive to ship. The demand for ice created a strong impetus for inventors to develop artificial cooling methods.

The first successful refrigeration machine in the United States was developed in 1844 by John Gorrie. His device did not use a volatile liquid but operated by the principle that air gets hot when compressed and cools when it expands.

Another type of refrigeration unit, the absorption type machine, was developed by Ferdinand Carre in France between 1850 and 1859. Such device which can operated exclusively by burning natural gas or other fuel, were commonly use prior to the widespread availability of electricity.

Temporary Wiring

Temporary wiring mean that apply to temporary electrical power and lighting wiring method that may be of a class less than would be required for a permanent installation.

Time Constrains:

• During the period of construction, temporary electrical power and lighting installations shall be permitted during the period of construction, remodeling, maintenance, repair, or demolition of buildings, structures, equipment, or similar purposes.
• Temporary electrical power and lighting installation shall be permitted for a period not to exceed 90 days for celebration decorative lighting, carnivals, and similar purposes.
• Temporary electrical power and lighting installations shall be permitted during emergencies and for tests, experiments, and development work.
• Temporary wiring shall be removed immediately upon completion of construction or purpose for which the wiring was installed.

Conductor of Different Systems:

Suitable covers shall be installed on all boxes, fittings, and similar to prevent accidental contact with energized parts or physical damage to parts or insulation.

Conductor Bending Radius:

The conductor shall not be bent to a radius less than eight times the overall diameter for non-shielded conductors or twelve times the diameter for shielded or lead covered conductors during or after installation.

Protection Against induction Heating:

Metallic raceways and associated conductors shall be so arranged as to avoid heating of the raceway in accordance with the applicable provisions.

Grounding:

Wiring and equipment installations shall be grounded in accordance with the applicable provision.

Look more Electric Knowledge:

Basic Electric

Basic Electronic